Ambulances have been called out to Amazon warehouses more than 1,400 times in the past five years, the Observer can reveal. The figures, which were described as shocking by the GMB trade union, raise fresh questions about safety at the American giant’s UK workplaces.

Amazon centres in Dunfermline and Bristol had the most ambulance callouts in Britain, listing 161 and 125 across the period respectively.

A third of callouts by the Scottish Ambulance Service to the Amazon site in Dunfermline related to chest pains, with other callouts for convulsions, strokes and breathing problems recorded.

Ambulances have been called to Amazon Mansfield 84 times since 2019. More than 70% of those were for the most serious types of incidents – dubbed category 1 and 2, which can often relate to life-threatening conditions like heart attacks or strokes.

Attempted suicides or other serious psychiatric incidents were recorded at Amazon centres in Bolton, Chesterfield, Mansfield, Rugeley, London and many others.

Incidents related to pregnancies or miscarriages for workers on shift were also listed at several sites, as were traumatic injuries and suspected heart attacks. Other incidents included workers who were exposed to acids and hazardous gases, badly electrocuted or had severe burns over a significant part of their body.

The Observer gathered the information by filing freedom of information requests to 12 ambulance services. While the information related to more than 30 Amazon sites, ambulance services did not record complete data for a significant number of the sites in question, meaning the figures are likely to be an underestimate.

That included a warehouse in Coventry where Amazon workers and members of the GMB trade union narrowly lost a seminal union recognition ballot by 29 votes in July amid allegations of intimidation by the logistics giant.

Amanda Gearing, a GMB organiser involved in that effort, said the figures were “shocking, but not surprising” and called on local authorities and the Health and Safety Executive to investigate the company’s working practices. “Amazon workers are routinely pushed beyond the limits of human endurance,” she said. “They’re forced to work to a hidden target that isn’t based on safe working but on a Hunger Games algorithm.”

“Even these worryingly high figures might hide how commonplace injury and illness is at Amazon. We know from our members in Amazon warehouses that first-aiders are actively discouraged from ringing ambulances – instead told to take taxis,” she said.

The number of incidents being recorded at Amazon fulfilment centres and warehouses appears to be higher than the reported figures recorded for major fast fashion warehouses.

In a Vice investigation before the pandemic, warehouses for the likes of Boohoo, Missguided and Pretty Little Thing, described as “Victorian” by union officials, recorded 10 ambulance callouts or fewer a year.

In 2018, a freedom of information request from the GMB union found that a Tesco warehouse in Rugeley, near Birmingham, recorded only eight ambulance callouts in three years versus the 115 logged at a nearby Amazon site. Both warehouses employed large numbers of workers at the time – 1,300 at Tesco’s site and around 1,800 at Amazon’s.

“Yet again we see just how dangerous working at Amazon is,” said Martha Dark, director of Foxglove, a nonprofit organisation supporting Amazon workers. “So many workers being taken off in ambulances just for doing their jobs is unacceptable and highlights Amazon’s disregard for proper health and safety.”

A spokesperson for Amazon said it “strongly refutes the suggestion that it is ‘dangerous’ to work for Amazon. Safety is always the absolute priority”. They also denied the GMB claim that ambulances were sometimes not called: “As a responsible employer, we will always call an ambulance if someone requires emergency medical attention.”

The spokesperson said the figures were misleading, citing the huge size of Amazon’s workforce and the fact that it logs, in its self-reported data, 50% fewer injuries with the HSE on average than other transportation and warehousing businesses.

They added that the “vast majority” of ambulance callouts related to “pre-existing conditions, not work-related incidents” and that Amazon “will always call an ambulance if someone requires medical attention”.

“We encourage everyone who wants to understand the truth to come and see for themselves by taking a tour of an Amazon fulfilment centre,” they said.